Pupils' Homework: Gramática 4º ESO

Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta Gramática 4º ESO. Mostrar todas las entradas

The passive voice 4º ESO

LA VOZ PASIVA (THE PASSIVE VOICE ) FORMA:

- Formamos la voz pasiva con el verbo "to be" en el mismo tiempo verbal que el verbo activo + el participio pasado del tiempo verbal.

- El sujeto de la oración activa pasa a ser el complemento agente de la voz pasiva precedido de la preposición "by".

- El objeto directo o indirecto de la oración activa pasa a ser el sujeto de la oración pasiva.

e.g. (voz activa) The plumbers installed the central heating yesterday.

Sujeto verbo act. C. Directo CCT
(voz pasiva) The central heating was installed yesterday by the plumbers.

Sujeto verbo pas. CCT C. Agente

TIEMPOS VERBALES

TIEMPO VERBAL	VOZ ACTIVA	VOZ PASIVA
Presente Simple	writes / write	am/is/are written
Presente Continuo	is/are writing	am/is/are being written
Pasado Simple	wrote	was/were written
Pasado continuo	was/were writing	was/were being written
Presente Perfecto Simple	has/have written	has/have been written
Pasado Perfecto	had written	had been written
Futuro Simple	will write	will be written
Futuro "going to"	am/is/are going to write	am/is/are going to be written
Futuro Perfecto	will have written	will have been written
Condicional Simple	would write	would be written
Condicional Perfecto	would have written	would have been written
Modales	can/could/must/should/have to/ought to…write	can/could/must/should/have to/ought to…be written
Modales Perfectos	can/could/must/should/have to/ought to…have written	can/could/must/should/have to/ought to…have been written
Infinitivo Simple	to write	to be written
Infinitivo Perfecto	to have written	to have been written
Gerundio	writing	being written
Participio	written	been written

USO

El uso de la pasiva es mucho más común en inglés que en castellano (prensa, publicidad, discursos…)
La voz pasiva se utiliza cuando queremos hablar de algo o alguien afectado por una acción poniendo énfasis en la acción y en su objeto. E.g. The food was cooked quickly. (La comida fue cocinada rápidamente.)
El complemento agente introducido por "by" se puede omitir en los siguientes casos:
- Cuando está claro quién es, e.g. The thief was arrested last night.
- Cuando no es importante o se desconoce, e.g. My dog was found two days ago.

El complemento agente aparece cuando tiene importancia, e.g. Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci

2 VERBOS CON DOS OBJETOS

Cuando el verbo activo tiene dos objetos, el objeto indirecto generalmente pasa a ser el sujeto de la oración pasiva.
e.g. (act.) They gave her a lot of Money.
(pas.) She was given a lot of money. / A lot of money was given to her.
Entre los verbos que admiten esta estructura hay que destacar: give, send, show, lend, ask, tell, offer, order y pay. Sin embargo con los verbos ask y tell no suele usarse la estructura en la que el objeto directo pasa a ser el sujeto de la voz pasiva.

Subordinadas causales y concesivas 4º ESO

CLAUSES OF CAUSE (SUBORDINADAS CAUSALES)

Van introducidas por:
a) Because, que se emplea cuando contestamos una pregunta.
Why is the baby crying? Because he is ill.(¿Por qué está llorando el bebé? Porque está enfermo).

b) Cuando la causa está clara o ya se conoce de antemano, es más frecuente utilizar as o since:
As / Since you can cook, you could make a chocolate cake for us (Como / ya que sabes cocinar,
podrías hacernos un pastel de chocolate)

c) La causa y la consecuencia se pueden expresar con because y so:
I put on my coat because I was cold (Me puse el abrigo porque tenía frío)
I was cold, so I put on my coat (Tenía frío, así que me puse el abrigo)

Exercises: links

CLAUSES OF CONTRAST (SUBORDINADAS CONCESIVAS)

Expresan contraste y oposición entre ideas y pueden presentar estas estructuras:

a) Although o though: Although /Though it was raining, he didn´t take his umbrella (Aunque estaba

lloviendo, no cogió el paraguas)

El orden de la oración puede alterarse: He didn´t take his umbrella though it was raining.

Para dar más énfasis a la idea de contraste podemos utilizar even though:

Even though he tried to smile, he wasn´t able to (Aunque intentó sonreir, no lo consiguió).

b) In spite of o Despite pueden ir seguidos de sustantivo o gerundio:

In spite of / Despite the rain, we went out (A pesar de la lluvia, salimos)

In spite of / Despite having worked for the company for a long time, he was dismissed.

(A pesar de haber trabajado para la empresa mucho tiempo, fue despedido).

También se puede invertir el orden de las oraciones: We went out in spite of the rain.

También podemos utilizar la estructura: In spite of / Despite + the fact that + oración subordinada:

In spite of the fact that he is very rich, he lives in a modest house (A pesar del hecho de que es muy rico, vive en una casa modesta).

Exercises.

Unit 6. Relative pronouns and clauses 4º ESO

Utilizamos los pronombres relativos para referirnos a un sustantivo (una persona o una cosa) mencionado antes y al que queremos agregar más información o modificar. Los pronombres relativos pueden referirse a algo o alguien en singular o plural. Algunos pronombres relativos se pueden usar sólo con personas, otros sólo con cosas y algunos con ambos. Pronombres relativos:

Pronombre	Persona	Cosa
that que	x	x
which que / cual		x
who que / quién	x

whose cuyo	x	x

Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)

El pronombre relativo se encuentra en lugar de un sustantivo. Este sustantivo suele aparecer anteriormente en la oración.

That

“That” es el pronombre relativo más utilizado en inglés hablado, ya que se puede utilizar tanto con personas como con cosas. Se utiliza para sustituir “which”,“who” en cláusulas que definen el sustantivo.

Ejemplos:

This is the book that won the Pulitzer prize last year. (Este es el libro que ganó el Permio Pulizer el año pasado.)

This is the restaurant that received the excellent reviews in the newspaper.(Este es el restaurante que recibió excelentes críticas en el periódico.)

Which

“Which” sólo se puede utilizar con las cosas.

Ejemplos:

My new job, which I only started last week, is already very stressful. (Mi nuevo trabajo, que acabo de empezar la semana pasada, ya es muy estresante.)

The house in which we lived in when we were children burnt down last week.(La casa en la que vivíamos cuando éramos niños se quemó la semana pasada.)

Who

Solo se puede utilizar “who” con personas.

Ejemplos:

My sister, who just moved in with me, is looking for a job. (Mi hermana, que se acaba de mudar conmigo, está buscando un trabajo.)

I never met someone who didn’t like music. (Nunca he conocido a alguien que no le guste la música.)

Whose

El uso de “whose” indica posesión, tanto para las personas y las cosas.

Ejemplos:

That is the girl whose parents got divorced last year. (Esa es la chica cuyos padres se divorciaron el año pasado.)

Paul, whose wife just had a baby, will not be at work for a few weeks. (Paul, cuyo esposa acaba de tener un bebé, no irá a trabajar durante unas semanas.)

Where : Se refiere a expresiones de lugar

The university where I teach is an excellent school. (La universidad donde enseño es una escuela excelente.)

Ejercicio

Defining Relative Clauses (Oraciones de relativo especificativas)

Estas cláusulas definen el sustantivo e identifican a qué cosa o persona nos referimos.

Ejemplos:

I wrote the report that you asked for. (Escribí el informe que me pidió.)

She never met the man who saved her father’s life. (Nunca conoció al hombre que salvó la vida de su padre)

The employees who worked long hours completed their projects on time.(Los empleados que trabajaban largas horas terminaron sus proyectos a tiempo.)
Nota: Sólo los que trabajaron muchas horas terminaron los proyectos a tiempo.

So + Adjective

USO

"So" va seguido de adjetivo para denotar extremos; lo traducimos por "tan" .

Examples:

The music is so loud! I wish they would turn it down. ( ¡La música está tan alta! )
The meal was so good! It was worth the money.

So + Adverb

USO

"So" seguido de adverbios denota acciones extremas y califica al verbo.

Examples:

She spoke so quickly! She sounded like an auctioneer. ( ¡Hablaba tan rápido!)
He paints so well! I am sure he is going to become a famous artist.

Such + Adjective + Noun

USO

"Such a" va seguido de adjetivo + sustantivo en singular. "Such" + adjetivo + sustantivo plural

Examples:

Don has such a big house! I think it's a little ridiculous. (Don tiene una casa tan grande)
Shelly has such beautiful eyes! I have never seen that shade of blue before. (Shelly tiene unos ojos tan bonitos) Ejercicio

TAG QUESTIONS O QUESTION TAGS:

Las tag questions son pequeñas frases o preguntas (mini-questions) que se colocan al final de una oración afirmativa o negativa y que generalmente tienen como objetivo confirmar o negar el contenido de la frase misma. Es el equivalente al ¿verdad?español o al ¿no? más utilizado en países de América.

TRES REGLAS BASICAS QUE DEBES RECORDAR
1.	Los tag questions utilizan siempre los verbos auxiliares.
2.	Con oraciones afirmativas utilizamos un tag question en NEGATIVO.
3.	Con oraciones negativas utilizamos un tag question en AFIRMATIVO o POSITIVO.

Ejercicio

Defining Relative Clauses 4º ESO

Choose the correct answer.

A hotel is a place people stay when they're on holiday.
What's the name of the woman lives in that house?
What do you call someone writes computer programs?
A waiter is a person job is to serve customers in a restaurant.
Overalls are clothes people wear to protect their clothes when they are working.
Is that the shop you bought your new laptop?
He's the man son plays football for Manchester Utd.
Hal didn't get the job he applied for.

Subject Pronouns or Object Pronouns?

Decide whether the relative pronoun is a subject pronoun or an object pronoun.

Do you know the girl who I danced with? -
Do you know the girl who danced with me? -
The apples that are lying on the table are bad. -
The apples that we bought in the shop are bad. -
We will stay at a hotel which is not far from the beach. -
We will stay at a hotel which my friend has recommended to us.
That is a museum which I like very much. -
That is a museum which lies in the heart of the town.
This is the man who Barbara visited in Scotland.
This is the man who lives in Scotland.

Writing exercise unit 5. 4º ESO

Read the essay and complete them with the missing expressions:
a.- at the same time b.- On the one hand c.- On the other hand d.- In my opinion

Should education be compulsory from 5 to 18?

It is very important for everybody to go to school. School teaches us some very useful skills and everybody should go. But should education be compulsory until we are eighteen?

1.- ................................................., some people hate school and have a terrible time.

We must remember that we can learn things outside school too. Also some people need to work and help their family. 2.- ..........................................................., at school we have friends and some of the subjects are very interesting. They help us to understand the world. So it might be a good idea to learn more things. Also we have to work for 40 years after we leave school.

3.- ................................................................, education is important for everyone. We must learn how to read and write about the world.

4.- ....................................................................it's important to remember that everyone is different and some people really don´t like school. So I think education should be compulsory until 16, not 18.

Exercise: Should students study non-academic subjects in schools? Here ate some notes to help you.

Not everyone is academic
Can do non-academic things outside school
Useful skills for life ( carpentry, cooking, car mechanics...)
Important to learn about everything
Good for future jobs

Listening test 4º ESO unit 4.

Listen to the four people giving directions, find the places in the map and write them next to its letters A, B, C, D.

A.- ......................................... B.- ........................................

C.- ...................................... D.- .........................................

http://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/skills/listening-skills-practice/giving-directions

4º ESO. Homework unit 4

Guided Composition:
Complete the letter with the missing information: a.- Dear / b.- that's all I have time to write now c.- However, it has some beautiful sights / d.- Yesterday there was a man eating fire! / e.- Love /
f.- It was great to hear from you / g.- Although there aren't many cycle paths.

1..................................Naomi,

Thanks for your postcard. 2 ...........................................................................I really miss Barcelona.
Avila is much smaller than Barcelona and of course it isn't near the sea.

3 .................................................................................., such as the medieval walls and the cathedral.

What is more, it is easy to get around. 4 ................................................................................., we go
everywhere by bike. In the evenings we often go to the old part of the town. Sometimes there is
street entertainment like in the Ramblas. 5 .........................................................................................
I miss you and all my friends.

Well, 6 ..................................................................................................................
Keep in touch.

7..............................

Gemma.

Grammar Unit 5 4º ESO

THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE.
Se utiliza para referirnos a una actividad que tuvo lugar antes de otra actividad o tiempo en el pasado; a menudo se utilizan las expresiones temporales after, when, before, by the time.
(It is used to refer to an activity that took place before another activity or time in the past, often with the time expressions after, when, before and by the time.)

Ex.- When she arrived at the cinema the film had started ( The film started before she arrived).

We can use never and already before the past participle:

Ex.- I had never seen the film before last night.
Ex.- When I got to work it had already stopped raining.

Affirmative: I / You/ He/ She/ It/ We /They had + past participle of the main verb
Negative: I/ You/ He/ She/ It / We/ They + hadn´t + past participle of the main verb
Interrogative: Had I/ You/ He / She / It / We / They + past participle of the main verb?

Enlaces.http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/past-perfect-simple/exercises

DIRECT SPEECH AND REPORTED SPEECH (ESTILO DIRECTO E INDIRECTO)

El estilo directo expresa las palabras textuales del hablante y se ponen entre comillas.
Ejplo: Juan dijo, "Tengo un perro nuevo" (Juan said, " I have got a new dog")
El estilo indirecto se utiliza para contar lo que dijo Juan pero sin utilizar sus palabras textuales:
Ejplo: Juan dijo que tenía un perro nuevo (Juan said that he had a new dog")

CAMBIOS AL PASAR DEL ESTILO DIRECTO AL INDIRECTO:
Simple Present → Simple Past

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Peter: “I work in the garden.”	Peter said (that) he worked in the garden.

Simple Past, Present Perfect, Past Perfect → Past Perfect

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Peter: “I worked in the garden.”	Peter said (that) he had worked in the garden.
Peter: “I have worked in the garden.”
Peter: “I had worked in the garden.”

Present Progressive → Past Progressive

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Peter: “I'm working in the garden.”	Peter said (that) he was working in the garden.

Auxiliaries, Modals (Future simple / Can))

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Peter: “I will work in the garden.”	Peter said (that) he would work in the garden.
Peter: “I can work in the garden.”	Peter said (that) he could work in the garden.

Conversion of expressions of time and place

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
this evening	that evening
today	that day
these days	those days
now	then
a week ago	a week before
last weekend	the weekend before / the previous weekend
next week	the following week
tomorrow	the next/following day
here	there (place changes)

Advertencia:

Si el verbo que introduce el estilo indirecto está en presente, no se cambian los tiempos

verbales.
Susan: Mary works in this office
Susan says that Mary works in that office.

Hay que prestar atención a las frases porque hay cambios de sujetos y pronombres.

Ejplo: Juan told Ana: "I like your hair style"

Juan told Ana that he liked her new hair style.

Say / Tell

La diferencia consiste en que tell necesita llevar detrás un nombre propio o un pronombre
personal objeto (complemento indirecto) y say va solo.

Ejplo: Juan told Ana that...

Juan said that...