Grammar Unit 5 4º ESO

THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE.
Se utiliza para referirnos a una actividad que tuvo lugar antes de otra actividad o tiempo en el pasado; a menudo se utilizan las expresiones temporales after, when, before, by the time.
(It is used to refer to an activity that took place before another activity or time in the past, often with the time expressions after, when, before and by the time.)

Ex.- When she arrived at the cinema the film had started ( The film started before she arrived).

We can use never and already before the past participle:

Ex.- I had never seen the film before last night.
Ex.- When I got to work it had already stopped raining.

Affirmative: I / You/ He/ She/ It/ We /They   had + past participle of the main verb
Negative: I/ You/ He/ She/ It / We/ They + hadn´t + past participle of the main verb
Interrogative: Had I/ You/ He / She / It / We / They + past participle of the main verb?

Enlaces.http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/past-perfect-simple/exercises

DIRECT SPEECH AND REPORTED SPEECH (ESTILO DIRECTO E INDIRECTO)

El estilo directo expresa las palabras textuales del hablante y se ponen entre comillas.
Ejplo: Juan dijo, "Tengo un perro nuevo" (Juan said, " I have got a new dog")
El estilo indirecto se utiliza para contar lo que dijo Juan pero sin utilizar sus palabras textuales:
Ejplo: Juan dijo que tenía un perro nuevo (Juan said that he had a new dog")

CAMBIOS AL PASAR DEL ESTILO DIRECTO AL INDIRECTO:
Simple Present → Simple Past

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Peter: “I work in the garden.”	Peter said (that) he worked in the garden.

 Simple Past, Present Perfect, Past Perfect → Past Perfect

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Peter: “I worked in the garden.”	Peter said (that) he had worked in the garden.
Peter: “I have worked in the garden.”
Peter: “I had worked in the garden.”

Present Progressive → Past Progressive

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Peter: “I'm working in the garden.”	Peter said (that) he was working in the garden.

 Auxiliaries, Modals (Future simple / Can))

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Peter: “I will work in the garden.”	Peter said (that) he would work in the garden.
Peter: “I can work in the garden.”	Peter said (that) he could work in the garden.

Conversion of expressions of time and place

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
this evening	that evening
today	that day
these days	those days
now	then
a week ago	a week before
last weekend	the weekend before / the previous weekend
next week	the following week
tomorrow	the next/following day
here	there  (place changes)

Advertencia: 

• Si el verbo que introduce el estilo indirecto está en presente, no se cambian los tiempos

         verbales.
Susan: Mary works in this office
Susan says that Mary works in that office.

• Hay que prestar atención a las frases porque hay cambios de sujetos y pronombres.

Ejplo: Juan told Ana: "I like your hair style"

Juan told Ana that he liked her new hair style.

Say / Tell

La diferencia consiste en que tell necesita llevar detrás un nombre propio o un pronombre
 personal objeto (complemento indirecto) y say va solo.

Ejplo: Juan told Ana that...

          Juan said that...